Introduction

Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch of Family Apiaceae ) is less known as an herb usually characterized by a pungent or aromatic smell due to the presence of essential oil. Other members of the Apiaceae family are culantro. The leaves and seeds of lovage are often used in seasoning as decoctions and teas. The rhizome and roots are used medicinally such as reduce the excitability of the nervous system, help to relieve anemia, and exhibit anticonvulsant and diuretic activity. The health benefits of lovage are it treats jaundice, malaria, sore throat, pleurisy, rheumatism, gout, congestion, rheumatism, migraine headache, and boils (1). Raw or cooked leaves and stems are used as a savory flavoring in salads, soups, stews, etc (2).

Geographical distribution

Popularly consumed and available natively in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, Belgium, Finland, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Iran, and the USA.

Constituents of lovage oil

The essential oil of lovage contains a large number of monoterpenes, approximately 93.8%, and major compounds such as α-terpinenyl acetate (52.85%), β- phellandrene (10.26%), and neocnidilide (10.12%) (2).

Health Benefits of Lovage

Some of the health benefits of Lovage are as follows

1. Anticancer properties of Lovage leaves

It contains an essential oil that shows a wonderful effect on the inhibition of head and neck squamous carcinoma cells, and breast cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis (3).

2. Treat the urogenital and gestational disease

Lovage has a high amount of canephron which shows a beneficial effect on the treatment of urinary tract infections and kidney stones in adults and children by increasing the rate of removal of kidney stones (4).

3. Lovage treats liver toxicity

Lovage contains a high amount of antioxidants, and reactive oxygen species scavengers (mannitol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and α-tocopherol) and prevents liver cell death thus protecting the liver (5).

4. Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory properties of Lovage leaves

It contains a rich amount of flavonoids like rutin, phenolic acids such as 5-caffeoylquinic acid, and ligustilide that scavenge harmful radicals from the body and show anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting of bad enzymes (6).

5. Treat diabetes

Lovage root contains canephron which is very effective in decreasing microalbuminuria (diabetes symptoms) thus preventing the complication of diabetes mellitus (7).

6. Antimicrobial properties of the roots of lovage

It contains α-prethapsenol, falcarinol, and falcarindiol which has antimycobacterial property against different microorganisms such as Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. Moreover, lovage essential oil contains terpinenyl acetate, ligustilide, and neocnidilide which fight against Mycobacterium tuberculosis therefore lovage may be useful for the treatment of tuberculosis (8, 9).

7. Treat the respiratory disease

Lovage polysaccharide exhibits expectorant activity by discharging or removing mucus from the respiratory tract thus protecting from various respiratory diseases (10).

Side effects of lovage

1. Contact dermatitis

Lovage essential oil sometimes causes contact dermatitis. Because of lovage sensitizer properties, precaution is important before application.

2. Avoid during the first trimester of pregnancy

Lovage is considered safe and well-tolerated during pregnancy. But still, it is advisable to use the recommended dose during the first trimester, and only in approved indications in pregnancy (11).